The Evolutionary Cycle of Species

Species do not just evolve in place; they follow a predictable path of spreading across islands before shrinking into isolated, highly specialized groups. This cycle reveals why certain island creatures are so unique yet prone to extinction.

Biologist E. O. Wilson discovered this pattern while studying ants in the Pacific islands. He noticed that as species colonize new areas, they initially thrive in broad habitats before eventually retreating into narrow, specialized niches. This process often leaves them trapped in small areas, making them incredibly rare. Understanding these cycles helps scientists predict which species are most vulnerable to environmental changes today.